ThickReceipt

Estate Agent London

2006-10-26T13:05:00.000-07:00

Robert Irving Burns specialise in London Commercial and Residential property services, including Estate Agent Covent Garden and Estate Agent London. Their centrally located ground floor offices, minutes from Oxford Circus offer an ideal marketing base for your property.

Atami

2005-04-04T21:58:00.000-07:00

City, Shizuoka ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies on the northeastern coast of the Izu Peninsula, facing Sagami Gulf of the Pacific Ocean. The city occupies the crater of the extinct volcano Mount Atami. The surrounding hills are remnants of the crater wall, which has been drowned by the sea on the east. Atami's mild and warm climate, scenic seascape, and hot springs have

Spalding, Albert

2005-04-03T21:30:00.000-07:00

The son of a partner in the sporting-goods firm of A.G. Spalding and Brothers, he began to study the violin at the age of seven, making his debut in Paris in 1905 and in New York City in 1908. He served with the American Expeditionary Force in Europe during World War I. Spalding toured the

Computers

2005-04-03T14:45:00.000-07:00

A computer might be described with deceptive simplicity as “an apparatus that performs routine calculations automatically.” Such a definition would owe its deceptiveness to a naive and narrow view of calculation as a strictly mathematical process. In fact, calculation

Gum

2005-04-02T15:16:00.000-08:00

Abbreviation of Gosudarstvenny Universalny Magazin (Russian: “State Department Store”), the largest department store in Russia. Situated on a traditional market site on the northeast side of Red Square in Moscow, the building originally known as the Upper Trading Arcade was designed by A.N. Pomerantsev and built in 1889–93 in a pseudo-Russian style over a hidden metal skeleton. In its original form it housed more than 1,000 shops. Reconstructed

Aranyakas

2005-04-01T13:24:00.000-08:00

(Sanskrit: “Books of the Forest”), a later development of the Brahmanas, or expositions of the Vedas, which were composed in India in about 700 BC. The Aranyakas are distinguished from the Brahmanas in that they may contain information on secret rites to be carried out only by certain persons, and more philosophic speculation. Thus they were intended to be studied only by the initiated,

Christianity, Care for widows and orphans

2005-04-01T09:03:00.000-08:00

From the beginning the Christian congregation cared for the poor, the sick, widows, and orphans. The Letter of James says: “Religion that is pure and undefiled before God is this: to visit orphans and widows in their affliction.” Widows formed a special group in the congregations and were asked to help with nursing care and other diaconic (from diakonia, or faith active

Paustovsky, Konstantin Georgiyevich

2005-03-31T15:07:00.000-08:00

A descendant of Ukrainian Cossacks, Paustovsky attended school in Kiev, St. Petersburg, and Odessa. Before he began to write, he worked at various jobs; he also traveled a good deal, both in

Pugwash Conferences

2005-03-31T10:45:00.000-08:00

In full Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs series of international meetings of scientists to discuss problems of nuclear weapons and world security. The first of the conferences met in July 1957 at the estate of the American philanthropist Cyrus Eaton in the village of Pugwash, Nova Scotia, in response to an appeal by Bertrand Russell, Albert Einstein, Frédéric Joliot-Curie, and other prominent scientific figures.

Caxias Do Sul

2005-03-31T07:24:00.000-08:00

City, northeastern Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil, lying at 2,490 ft (760 m) above sea level on the range of hills separating the Antas and Caí river valleys. It was founded in 1875 by Italian colonists and given city status in 1910. Metallurgic industries and viticulture are the city's economic mainstays; the vineyards of the surrounding area are considered Brazil's best. The Universidade

Hippel, Theodor Gottlieb Von

2005-03-29T08:51:00.000-08:00

German writer of the late Enlightenment and a disciple of the philosopher Immanuel Kant. Although he was a minor writer of his time, his works have enjoyed an unusually long-lasting popularity and can now be seen to have foreshadowed the novels of Jean Paul (Johann Friedrich

Refrain

2005-03-29T05:02:00.000-08:00

A phrase, line, or group of lines repeated at intervals throughout a poem, generally at the end of the stanza. Refrains are found in the ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead and are common in primitive tribal chants. They appear in literature as varied as ancient Hebrew, Greek, and Latin verse, popular ballads, and Renaissance and Romantic lyrics. Three common refrains are

Kirkcaldy (of Grange), Sir William

2005-03-28T03:50:00.000-08:00

Kirkcaldy was one of the Protestant conspirators who murdered the powerful cardinal David Beaton at St. Andrews Castle in May 1546. From 1550 to 1556 he served in France as a secret agent for England. He returned to Scotland in 1557 and two years later joined the Protestant lords

Schleicher, August

2005-03-26T15:20:00.000-08:00

German linguist whose work in comparative linguistics was a summation of the achievements up to his time and whose methodology provided the direction for much subsequent research. He was influenced by the philosophy of G.W.F. Hegel, which he espoused during his student days at the University of Tübingen, and, later, by

Japan, Ancient Japan

2005-03-26T11:12:00.000-08:00

The Nara and Heian periods are discussed in Robert Borgen, Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court (1986, reissued 1994); G. Cameron Hurst III, Insei: Abdicated Sovereigns in the Politics of Late Heian Japan, 1086–1185 (1976); Allan G. Grapard, The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History (1992); Ivan Morris, The World of The Shining Prince: Court Life in Ancient Japan (1964, reissued 1994); Karl F. Friday, Hired Swords: The Rise of Private Warrior Power in Early Japan (1992); and William Wayne Farris, Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan, 645–900 (1985), and Heavenly Warriors: The Evolution of Japan's Military, 500–1300 (1992).

Lords, House Of

2005-03-25T16:57:00.000-08:00

The upper chamber of Great Britain's bicameral legislature. Originating in the 11th century, when the Anglo-Saxon kings consulted witans (councils) composed of religious leaders and the monarch's ministers, it emerged as a distinct element of Parliament in the 13th and 14th centuries. It currently comprises the following elements: (1) the Lords Spiritual, including the archbishops

Argentina, The economy

2005-03-24T03:50:00.000-08:00

Labour movements are covered in Ronaldo Munck, Ricardo Falcón, and Bernardo Galitelli, Argentina: From Anarchism to Peronism: Workers, Unions, and Politics, 1855–1985 (1987); David Tamarin, The Argentine Labor Movement, 1930–45: A Study in the Origins of Peronism (1985); and Charles Bergquist, Labor in Latin America: Comparative Essays on Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, and Colombia (1986).

Moran, George

2005-03-23T17:02:00.000-08:00

A childhood friend and, later, right-hand man of Dion O'Bannion, Moran and Earl “Hymie” Weiss inherited O'Bannion's gang in Chicago when the chief was killed in 1924. Moran became sole leader after Weiss was killed in late 1926. For the next three years Moran's gang and Al

Biogeography

2005-03-23T08:17:00.000-08:00

Strictly speaking, biogeography is a branch of biology, but physical geographers have made important contributions, particularly in the study of flora. The classification of vegetation

Babuyan Islands

2005-03-21T05:26:00.000-08:00

Island group of the Philippines that is a northerly extension of the Philippine archipelago. The Babuyan Islands lie in the Luzon Strait, south of the Batan Islands and Balintang Channel. They lie 20 miles (32 km) north of Luzon across the Babuyan Channel. With a total area of 230 square miles (600 square km), they comprise 24 volcanic-coralline islands, the chief of which are Babuyan,

Pampa

2005-03-21T04:24:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1902) of Gray county, northern Texas, U.S., 55 miles (88 km) northeast of Amarillo. It was founded in 1888 on the Santa Fe Railroad; it was known first as Glasgow, then Sutton, and finally, in 1892 it was named for the resemblance of the surrounding prairie lands to the Argentine Pampas. Located in the Texas Panhandle, the city serves as the centre of an oil-producing, wheat-growing, and cattle-raising

Uzi Submachine Gun

2005-03-19T17:35:00.000-08:00

Compact automatic weapon that is used throughout the world as a police and special-forces firearm. The Uzi is named for its designer, Uziel Gal, an Israeli army officer who developed it after the Arab-Israeli War of 1948. Gal based his weapon partly on earlier Czech designs, in which bullets were fed into the gun's chamber from a box-shaped magazine inserted into the pistol

Berat

2005-03-19T04:01:00.000-08:00

Located strategically between the ancient regions of Illyria and Epirus, Berat was the

Ahenobarbus, Lucius Domitius

2005-03-18T23:01:00.000-08:00

After the powerful generals Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey, and Marcus Licinius Crassus formed an unofficial ruling triumvirate in 60 BC, Ahenobarbus repeatedly resisted their designs. As candidate for the consulate of 55, he

Paradoxides Series

2005-03-16T23:38:00.000-08:00

Rocks deposited during the Middle Cambrian Period in western Europe and Scandinavia and in eastern North America (the Middle Cambrian Period lasted from 520 to 512 million years ago). The Paradoxides Series is characterized by the fossil occurrence of trilobites of the family Paradoxididae and other trilobites, such as the genera Agnostus and Eodiscus.

Maastricht Treaty

2005-03-16T18:05:00.000-08:00

Formally Treaty on European Union international agreement approved by the heads of government of the states of the European Community (EC) in Maastricht, Netherlands, in December 1991. Ratified by all EC member states (voters in Denmark rejected the original treaty but later approved a slightly modified version), the treaty was signed on February 7, 1992, and entered into force on November 1, 1993. The treaty established

Mittelfranken

2005-03-16T02:30:00.000-08:00

English Middle Franconia Regierungsbezirk (administrative district), west-central Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany. Mittelfranken is bordered by Baden-Württemberg Land to the west and the Regierungsbezirke of Unterfranken (Lower Franconia) and Oberfranken (Upper Franconia) to the north, Oberpfalz (Upper Palatinate) to the east, and Oberbayern (Upper Bavaria) and Schwaben (Swabia) to

Furniture, 19th century

2005-03-15T21:15:00.000-08:00

The Empire style began in Paris about the time of the Revolution and quickly spread throughout Europe, each country adapting it to its own national taste. In England it is commonly called the Regency style. Two French architects, Charles Percier and Pierre Fontaine, who designed the furnishings for the staterooms of Napoleon, contributed in great measure to the

Allspice

2005-03-14T23:55:00.000-08:00

Tropical evergreen tree (Pimenta diocia, formerly P. officinalis) of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), native to the West Indies and Central America and valued for its berries, the source of a highly aromatic spice. Allspice was so named because the flavour of the dried berry resembles a combination of cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg. It is widely used in baking

Character Writer

2005-03-14T01:12:00.000-08:00

Any writer who produced a type of character sketch that was popular in 17th-century England and France. Their writings stemmed from a series of character sketches that the Greek philosopher and teacher Theophrastus (fl. c. 372 BC) had written, possibly as part of a larger work and probably with the intention of instructing and amusing his students of rhetoric. Theophrastus'

Argentina, Perón's second presidency

2005-03-13T14:52:00.000-08:00

Perón was elected president with his third wife, María Estela Martínez de Perón (Isabel Perón), as vice president. Taking office in October 1973, he continued the campaign against the left, and in May 1974 the victims of the purge acknowledged the break with their former leader and passed into (still legal) opposition. Montonero activity increased, and the Triple A, suspected by

Xu Wei

2005-03-12T06:43:00.000-08:00

As a young man, Xu repeatedly failed to pass civil service examinations. During the 1550s and '60s he did succeed in gaining a reputation as a poet and painter, but as his reputation as an artist

Cultured Pearl

2005-03-11T04:47:00.000-08:00

Natural but cultivated pearl produced by a mollusk after the intentional introduction of a foreign object inside the creature's shell. The discovery that such pearls could be cultivated in freshwater mussels is said to have been made in 13th-century China, and the Chinese have been adept for hundreds of years at cultivating pearls by opening the mussel's shell and

Mcpherson

2005-03-10T11:27:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1873) of McPherson county, central Kansas, U.S. Laid out in 1872 on the Santa Fe Trail, it was named for James B. McPherson, a Union general killed in the American Civil War. The city is now a processing and shipping point for nearby oil fields and the surrounding diversified agricultural area. Industries include oil refining, flour milling, and the manufacture of aluminum

Alaska Purchase

2005-03-10T10:11:00.000-08:00

William Henry Seward, secretary of state under President Andrew Johnson, had as early as 1860 dreamed of acquiring Alaska. The territory was considered an economic liability by the Russians, and in December 1866 Baron Eduard de Stoeckl, Russian

Laterite

2005-03-09T19:49:00.000-08:00

Soil layer that is rich in iron oxide and derived from a wide variety of rocks weathering under strongly oxidizing and leaching conditions. It forms in tropical and subtropical regions where the climate is humid. Lateritic soils may contain clay minerals; but they tend to be silica-poor, for silica is leached out by waters passing through the soil. Typical laterite

Francien Dialect

2005-03-08T23:03:00.000-08:00

The medieval dialect of Old French that furnishes the basis for the literary and official form of the modern French language. Francien was spoken in the region of Île-de-France, which included the city of Paris, and its preeminence is an indication of the political and intellectual prominence of Paris in the 13th and 14th centuries. Despite its importance, the dialect

Robert Iii

2005-03-08T00:15:00.000-08:00

The eldest son of Robert the Steward (the future Robert II) and Elizabeth Mure, he was legitimated by their marriage several years after

Alicyclic Compound

2005-03-07T20:20:00.000-08:00

In chemistry, any of a large class of organic compounds in which three or more atoms of the element carbon are linked together in a ring. The bonds between pairs of adjacent atoms may all be of the type designated single bonds (involving two electrons), or some of them may be double or triple bonds (with four or six electrons, respectively); six-membered rings for which a system

Port Dickson

2005-03-06T16:17:00.000-08:00

Town, south-central West Malaysia (Malaya), on the Strait of Malacca. The port, now in decline, was used extensively during the late 19th century to export the tin mined in the foothills of the state. Now chiefly a seaside resort with a fishing village, it is connected by rail with the inland entrepôt of Seremban, 17 miles (27 km) northeast. Oil refineries are concentrated along the

Vaida-voevod, Alexandru

2005-03-06T04:23:00.000-08:00

A native of Hungarian-ruled Transylvania, Vaida-Voevod joined a small Romanian nationalist group in the Hungarian Parliament after

Lockwood, Margaret (mary)

2005-03-05T22:22:00.000-08:00

Lockwood studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, England's leading drama school, and made her film debut in Lorna Doone (1935). A vivacious brunette with a beauty spot on her left cheek, she starred in a wide

Silchester

2005-03-05T19:24:00.000-08:00

Village (“parish”) in Basingstoke and Deane borough, in the northern part of the administrative and historic county of Hampshire, England, southwest of Reading. Near the small modern village is the deserted site of the important Roman-British town of Calleva Atrebatum, a node of the Roman road system in Britain. Most of the antiquities recovered from the site are in the

Ré Island

2005-03-04T00:25:00.000-08:00

French Île De Ré, island in the Bay of Biscay, Charente-Maritime département, off the west coast of France, opposite La Pallice and La Rochelle. It was for long separated from the mainland by the shallow water of Pertuis Breton, 2 miles (3.2 km) wide at the narrowest point, but a 2-mile bridge was constructed in the late 1970s. The island is 18 miles (29 km) long and 2 to 3 miles wide; it has an area of 33 square miles (85 square

Pacher, Michael

2005-03-03T00:16:00.000-08:00

Little is known of Pacher's early life, but he is thought to have gone to Italy, where he was much impressed by the experiments in perspective of two eminent northern Italian

Charpak, Georges

2005-03-02T22:27:00.000-08:00

Charpak's family moved from Poland to Paris when he was seven years old. During World War II Charpak served in the resistance and was imprisoned by Vichy authorities in 1943. In 1944 he was deported

District Of Columbia, University Of The

2005-03-02T15:39:00.000-08:00

Public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Washington, D.C., U.S. It is the only public institution of higher education in the district, and it was the first exclusively urban land-grant university. There are three campuses—the Georgia/Harvard Street campus, the Mount Vernon Square campus, and the Van Ness campus. The university consists of the University

Boise State University

2005-03-01T20:26:00.000-08:00

Public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Boise, Idaho, U.S. The university comprises eight colleges, including the Larry G. Selland College of Applied Technology, which provides applied science degrees in fields such as information technology, horticulture, and culinary arts. Boise State University offers a range of associate and bachelor's degree

La Follette, Robert M

2005-03-01T19:08:00.000-08:00

Resigning as governor in 1906, he was elected to the Senate at a time when that institution was widely believed to be a refuge for millionaires. La Follette acquired instant fame as a new type of senator, one who was not controlled by “the interests,” and in his first three years there La Follette achieved the passage of laws aimed against the freight rates, labour policies,

Tabari, At-

2005-02-28T09:06:00.000-08:00

Obviously, at-Tabari could not sustain his preference for reports originating with the Prophet and the pious scholars of the early community known as as-salaf. His judgment of a report's reliability was now based upon the largely theoretical criterion that it should originate with either an eyewitness or a contemporary informant. This posed a problem for which at-Tabar

Costa Mesa

2005-02-27T16:51:00.000-08:00

City, Orange county, southern California, U.S., on a coastal plateau overlooking the Pacific, at the mouth of the Santa Ana River. With Newport Beach it forms Orange county's “Harbor Area.” The site, once part of Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana and the Irvine Ranch, became the hot springs resort of Fairview. Laid out as the town of Harper in 1906, it was renamed in 1921 for its coastal location.

Taiwan

2005-02-27T07:29:00.000-08:00

Taiwan was known to the Chinese as early as the 3rd century AD, but settlement by the Chinese was not significant until the first quarter of the 17th century after recurrent famines in Fukien Province encouraged emigration of Fukienese from the mainland. Before then the island was a base of operations for Chinese and Japanese pirates. The Portuguese, who first visited

Halakhah

2005-02-26T09:26:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Halakha, Halakah, or Halachah (Hebrew: “the Way”), plural Halakhahs, Halakhot, Halakhoth, or Halachot, in Judaism, the totality of laws and ordinances that have evolved since biblical times to regulate religious observances and the daily life and conduct of the Jewish people. Quite distinct from the Law of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible), Halakhah purports to preserve and represent oral traditions stemming from the revelation on Mount Sinai or

Ducis, Jean-françois

2005-02-25T21:04:00.000-08:00

French dramatist who made the first sustained effort to present William Shakespeare's tragedies on the French stage. Although he remodeled the tragedies to the French taste for witty, epigrammatic style and attempted to confine the plays within the “classical unities” (of time, place, and action), such critics as Voltaire still

To' Janggut

2005-02-25T10:59:00.000-08:00

Muhammad Hasan, known as To' Janggut because of his long white beard, was a peasant farmer and an itinerant rice trader in

T'ien

2005-02-24T13:47:00.000-08:00

As a god, T'ien is sometimes perceived to be an impersonal power in contrast to Shang-ti (“Supreme Ruler”), but the two are closely identified and the terms frequently used synonymously. Evidence suggests

Tarakan Island

2005-02-23T13:36:00.000-08:00

Indonesian Pulau Tarakan island in Kalimantan Timur provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. It is situated in the eastern Celebes Sea, off the northeastern coast of Borneo. The island occupies an area of 117 square miles (303 square km) and has a length of approximately 10 miles (16 km). Its coastal area is low and swampy, and there are oil fields on the southwestern coast. During World War II the island was captured (January

Undersea Exploration, Exploration of the seafloor and the Earth's crust

2005-02-23T08:04:00.000-08:00

The ocean floor has the same general character as the land areas of the world: mountains, plains, channels, canyons, exposed rocks, and sediment-covered areas. The lack of weathering and erosion in most areas, however, allows geological processes to be seen more clearly on the seafloor than on land. Undisturbed sediments, for example, contain a historical record of past

Horyu Temple

2005-02-22T22:48:00.000-08:00

Beginning about AD 600, a number

Arabian Religion

2005-02-21T00:47:00.000-08:00

A short survey of the history of ancient Arabia is given by A.K. Irvine, “The Arabs and Ethiopians,” in D.J. Wiseman (ed.), Peoples of Old Testament Times (1973), pp. 287–311. South Arabia is covered by Walter W. Müller, “Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia,” in Werner Daum (ed.), Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix (1987), pp. 49–54. J. Wellhausen (comp.), Reste altarabischen Heidentums, 2nd ed. (1897), contains most of the Muslim data on the pagan folklore and religion. The epigraphic material is extensively used in the following studies, which are still valuable: G. Ryckmans, “Les Religions arabes préislamiques,” in Histoire générale des religions, vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 201–228 (1960); and Maria Höfner, “Die vorislamischen Religionen Arabiens,” in Hartmut Gese, Maria Höfner, and Kurt Rudolph, Die Religionen Altsyriens, Altarabiens und der Mandäer, pp. 233–402 (1970). A short but excellent survey of the ancient Arabian religion is given by A. Caquot, “Les Religions des Sémites occidentaux,” in Henri-Charles Puech (ed.), Histoire des Religions, vol. 1 (1970), pp. 307–358, with North and South Arabia especially the focus of pp. 340–355. Several important works are by J. Starcky: “Pétra et la Nabatène,” in Louis Pirot et al., Dictionnaire de la Bible, Supplément, vol. 7 (1966), cols. 886–1017, with cols. 985–1017 focusing especially on religion, and a very short but more recent contribution, “La religion des Nabatéens,” in Inoubliable Petra: Le Royaume nabatéen aux confins du désert (1980), pp. 66–70, an exhibition catalog. Two concise but up-to-date studies on ancient South Arabian religions may be found in Joseph Chelhod et al., L'Arabie du Sud: Histoire et civilisation, vol. 1, Le peuple yéménite et ses racines (1984), both by A.F.L. Beeston: “The Religions of Pre-Islamic Yemen,” pp. 259–269, and “Judaism and Christianity in Pre-Islamic Yemen,” pp. 271–278. Another such study is J. Ryckmans, “The Old South Arabian Religion,” in the work on Yemen ed. by Daum cited above, pp. 107–110.

Smith, Adam

2005-02-20T19:04:00.000-08:00

After two centuries, Adam Smith remains a towering figure in the history of economic thought. Known primarily for a single work, An Inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), the first comprehensive system of political economy, Smith is more properly

Eastern Orthodoxy, God and man

2005-02-20T18:03:00.000-08:00

The Greek Fathers of the church always implied that the phrase found in the biblical story of the creation of man (Gen. 1:26), according to “the image and likeness

Halicarnassus, Mausoleum Of

2005-02-18T13:05:00.000-08:00

According

Ogot, Grace

2005-02-18T05:45:00.000-08:00

One of the few well-known woman writers in Kenya, Ogot was the first woman to have fiction published by the East African Publishing House. Her stories—which appeared in European and African journals such as Black Orpheus and Transition and in collections

Adams, Herbert Baxter

2005-02-17T19:34:00.000-08:00

The son of a successful merchant and manufacturer, Adams graduated from Amherst College, Massachusetts, in 1872 and attended lectures in Germany between 1874 and 1876 at Göttingen,

Gath

2005-02-17T06:45:00.000-08:00

The records of Sargon II of Assyria show that he took it in 712 BC. Gath was evidently a place of importance,

France, History Of, Pepin III the Short

2005-02-16T17:48:00.000-08:00

Carloman's entrance into a monastery in 747 reunited Carolingian holdings. Pepin the Short, who had

Dulles, Allen W.

2005-02-15T23:39:00.000-08:00

The younger brother of U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles received an M.A. from Princeton in 1916 and then served in various diplomatic posts until 1922, when he was named chief

Percussion Instrument

2005-02-15T17:16:00.000-08:00

Any musical instrument belonging to either of two groups, idiophones or membranophones. Idiophones are instruments whose own substance vibrates to produce sound (as opposed to the strings of a guitar or the air column of a flute); examples include bells, clappers, and rattles. Membranophones emit sound by the vibration of a stretched membrane; the prime examples

Gray, Walter De

2005-02-14T16:49:00.000-08:00

He became chancellor of England in 1205 and, after John had made his peace with the church, was elected bishop of Worcester (1214). In 1215 John advanced him as a candidate for the see of York against the wishes of the cathedral chapter, and Pope Innocent

China, The transition to socialism, 195357

2005-02-13T18:34:00.000-08:00

The period 1953–57, corresponding to the First Five-Year Plan, began China's rapid industrialization. This period is still regarded as having been enormously successful. A strong central governmental apparatus proved able to channel scarce resources into the rapid development of heavy industry. Despite some serious policy issues and problems, the Communist leadership

Schrieck, Sister Louise Van Der

2005-02-13T13:05:00.000-08:00

Van der Schrieck was educated at the school of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur in Belgium. In 1837 she became a novice of the order, and in 1839 she became Sister

Tiger Shark

2005-02-13T01:05:00.000-08:00

(Galeocerdo cuvieri), large, potentially dangerous shark of the family Carcharhinidae. It is noted for its voracity and inveterate scavenging, as well as its reputation as a man-eater. The tiger shark is found worldwide in warm oceans, from the shoreline to the open sea. A maximum of about 5.5 m (18 feet) long, it is grayish and patterned, when young, with dark spots and vertical bars.

Christian Iii

2005-02-11T17:22:00.000-08:00

The eldest son of Frederick I, king of Denmark and Norway, Christian was educated as a Lutheran and showed Protestant

Biblical Literature, Impulse toward canonization from heretical movements

2005-02-11T14:06:00.000-08:00

Gnosticism (a religious system with influence both on Judaism and Christianity) tended to foster speculation, cutting loose from historical revelation. In defense the orthodox churches stressed the apostolic tradition by focussing on Gospels and letters from apostolic lives and distinguished them from Gnostic writings, such as the Gospel of Truth (mentioned

Schaffner, Jakob

2005-02-10T16:20:00.000-08:00

Schaffner was orphaned at an early age. He described his life in four autobiographical

Kabane

2005-02-08T23:18:00.000-08:00

The imperial Japanese Yamato line arose as the most powerful members of this kabane system,

East African Rift System

2005-02-07T20:48:00.000-08:00

The system consists of two branches. The main branch, the Eastern Rift Valley (often called the Great Rift Valley, or Rift Valley), extends along the entire length

Metacentre

2005-02-07T02:04:00.000-08:00

The centre of buoyancy of a floating body is the point about which all the body parts exactly buoy each

General Staff

2005-02-06T19:18:00.000-08:00

In the military, a group of officers that assists the commander of a division or larger unit by formulating and disseminating his policies, transmitting his orders, and overseeing their execution. Normally a general staff is organized along functional lines, with separate sections for administration, intelligence, operations, training, logistics, and other categories.

Keely, John E.w.

2005-02-05T16:41:00.000-08:00

Keely was orphaned in early childhood. He is said to have been an orchestra leader, a circus performer, and a carpenter. In 1873 he announced that he had discovered a new physical force, one that, if harnessed, would produce unheard-of power. He claimed, for example, to be able to produce from a quart of water enough fuel

Torcy, Jean-baptiste Colbert, Marquis De

2005-02-04T20:13:00.000-08:00

The son of Charles Colbert, minister of foreign affairs, Torcy was a brilliant student, earning a law degree (1683) at so young an age that he needed special dispensation to receive it. His father initiated him into the art of diplomacy, and the

Accused, Rights Of

2005-02-04T10:23:00.000-08:00

All legal systems provide, at least on paper, guarantees

Bogart, Humphrey

2005-02-03T17:20:00.000-08:00

In full Humphrey DeForest Bogart American actor who became a preeminent motion picture “tough guy” and was a top box office attraction during the 1940s and '50s. In his performances he projected the image of a worldly wise, individualistic adventurer with a touch of idealism hidden beneath a hardened exterior. Offscreen he gave the carefully crafted

La Habra

2005-02-03T11:32:00.000-08:00

City, Orange county, southern California, U.S., just north of Fullerton and southeast of Los Angeles. Its name apparently derives from the Spanish abra (“pass”), with reference to an opening in the nearby hills. The town was founded by a land grant in 1839, and it soon developed as a commercial centre for an extensive agricultural area (citrus fruit, avocados). A packinghouse was built

Saarinen, (gottlieb) Eliel

2005-02-02T18:11:00.000-08:00

He became the foremost architect of his generation in Finland before he moved to the U.S. in 1923. By 1914 he was widely known in Europe

Sucker

2005-02-01T19:34:00.000-08:00

Any of the freshwater fishes constituting the family Catostomidae, similar to and closely related to the carp and minnows (Cyprinidae). There are about 80 to 100 species of suckers; except for a few species in Asia, all are North American. Many suckers are almost indistinguishable from minnows, but catostomids may often be recognized by the sucking, usually ventral

Daily Telegraph, The

2005-02-01T01:38:00.000-08:00

Founded in 1855 as the Daily Telegraph and Courier, the paper has consistently combined a high standard of reporting with the selection of interesting feature subjects and editorial presentation. Its appeal is a conservative and middle-class

Hypothec

2005-01-31T15:27:00.000-08:00

In Roman law, a type of security for a debt in which the creditor had neither ownership nor possession. It arose in cases in which a renter needed the use of the things that he pledged as security for his continued payment of rent, usually tools or equipment necessary for working the land he was renting. Possession could be taken by the creditor only when the debt, or, in

Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm

2005-01-30T06:14:00.000-08:00

Hengstenberg studied at Bonn and at Berlin, where he was professor of theology most of his life. In 1827 he founded the Evangelische Kirchen-Zeitung (“Protestant

Waccho

2005-01-30T04:02:00.000-08:00

Waccho assassinated his uncle Tato and usurped the throne about 510, ruling for 30 years. Tato's son and grandson took refuge with the king of a neighbouring people, the Gepidae, making several fruitless attempts to

Asilah

2005-01-29T10:27:00.000-08:00

Also called Arzila, Spanish Arcila, city on the Atlantic coast of western Morocco. Built on the site of an ancient Phoenician-Carthaginian settlement (Zili), it later fell to the Romans. It passed to the Idrisids, who in the early 11th century repulsed several attacks by Normans. From AD 972 on, it was dominated by the Marinids, until in 1471 the Portuguese occupied Asilah, which they fortified as a military base (the walls

Kumarajiva

2005-01-28T15:38:00.000-08:00

Before his ordination at the

Babcock, Horace Welcome

2005-01-27T15:26:00.000-08:00

American astronomer (b. Sept. 13, 1912, Pasadena, Calif.—d. Aug. 29, 2003, Santa Barbara, Calif.), led the effort to create, in 1969, Chile's Las Campanas Observatory, the first observatory to be built far from sources of light pollution. In the 1950s Babcock devised the system of adaptive optics that enabled telescopes to compensate for the distorting effect of Earth's atmosphere on light from distant

Museum And Picture Gallery

2005-01-27T14:23:00.000-08:00

Art museum in Vadodara (Baroda), Gujarat state, India. It was founded by the Maharaja Gaekwar of Baroda in 1894 as a representative collection of masterpieces. The building was constructed between 1908 and 1914, and the gallery formally opened in 1921. The museum displays European paintings, especially English portraits by George Romney and examples from the schools of Sir Joshua Reynolds

Chaadayev, Pyotr Yakovlevich

2005-01-26T20:37:00.000-08:00

In his early years Chaadayev was an army officer and a liberal. During the 1820s he experienced a conversion to mystical Christianity, with strong leanings

Swan River

2005-01-26T18:04:00.000-08:00

Ephemeral river of southwestern Western Australia. It rises in the hills south of Corrigin as the Avon and flows 224 mi (360 km) northwest and southwest past Northam and Perth to the Indian Ocean at Fremantle. It is known as the Swan only along its lower 60-mi course. The rivers Helena (site of Mundaring Weir) and Canning are left-bank tributaries. Dry during much of the summer and

Fort Stanwix, Treaties Of

2005-01-25T02:46:00.000-08:00

(1768, 1784), cession by the Iroquois Confederacy of land in what are now western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, West Virginia, and New York, opening vast tracts of territory west of the Appalachian Mountains to white exploitation and settlement. Soon after the Proclamation of 1763 (see 1763, Proclamation of), which followed the last French and Indian War, British authorities recognized that

Itaya Hazan

2005-01-24T01:35:00.000-08:00

After studying sculpture at the Tokyo Fine Arts School, Itaya graduated in 1894 and then studied ceramics, building a kiln in Tokyo in 1904. In 1953 he received the Bunka Kunsho (“Order of Culture”). Itaya's most famous works include a pot decorated with flowers in bright glaze

Shaft Coupling

2005-01-23T22:07:00.000-08:00

A common type of rigid coupling